Is it possible to extract strings from a big table and filter them into smaller tables?

Generally, it's better to have a single table rather than multiple tables with the same structure but it should be possible to split if you need to for some reason. You would create a query for PlaceA that references the big table and then filter for "PlaceA" in the "Location" column. Repeat for each smaller table.

Note that while you can duplicate each small table query to create the next small table query, I don't think there's a way to automatically/dynamically separate a single query into multiple tables. Each table that gets loaded to the data model from Power Query must have its own query.