Two different behaviour with similar measure

The best way to learn about CALCULATE and FILTER is to play and experiment ...

For example use this test data

EmployeeGradeSalary

and use this example output

Look at my exampel PBIX

The FILTER command creates a temporay table.
For example

Staff on 2 to 4 = 
var tempfile  = 
FILTER(
    yourdata,
    yourdata[Grade] >= 2 &&
    yourdata[Grade] <= 4)
RETURN
COUNTROWS(tempfile)

The SUM command default to the natural context

Salaries = 
SUM(yourdata[Salary])

The CALCULATE command can overide the natural context with the FILTER tempfile.
This can be done with or without VAR.
I prefer with a VAR because it is easier to learn, document,test, and debug.

Filter1 = 
var tempfile  = 
FILTER(
    yourdata,
    yourdata[Grade] >= 2 &&
    yourdata[Grade] <= 4)
RETURN
CALCULATE(
    SUM(yourdata[Salary]),
    tempfile
)

Filter2 = 
CALCULATE(
    SUM(yourdata[Salary]),
    FILTER(
    yourdata,
    yourdata[Grade] >= 2 &&
    yourdata[Grade] <= 4))

However, we can code the CALCULATE without the FILTER and get the same results
because DAX automically applies the FILTER to the CALCULATE in this scenario

Calculate 1 = 

CALCULATE(
  SUM(yourdata[Salary]),
   yourdata[Grade] IN {2,3,4}
   )

Calculate 2 = 

CALCULATE(
  SUM(yourdata[Salary]),
   yourdata[Grade] >= 2 &&
   yourdata[Grade] <= 4 
   )

Learn more about CALCUALTE and FILTER here

https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dax/calculate-function-dax

https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dax/filter-functions-dax#

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SOTQ3MiTXT4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-oDpOfhgmzA

Please clcik the thumbs up for all this useful infomation

and click accept solution if you are now wisee about CALCULATE and FILTER,

Thank you