Inserting the correct value

You can create a calculated column in the first table like

Distance =
SELECTCOLUMNS (
    FILTER (
        Table2,
        Table2[ID] = Table1[ID]
            && Table2[From] = Table1[From]
            && Table2[To] = Table2[To]
            && Table2[Valid From] <= Table1[Date]
            && (
                ISBLANK ( Table2[Valid To] )
                    || Table2[Valid To] >= Table1[Date]
            )
    ),
    "@value", Table2[Distance]
)

Try

Distance =
SELECTCOLUMNS (
    TOPN (
        1,
        FILTER (
            Table2,
            Table2[ID] = Table1[ID]
                && Table2[From] = Table1[From]
                && Table2[To] = Table2[To]
                && (
                    ( Table2[Valid From] <= Table1[Date]
                        && Table2[Valid To] >= Table1[Date] )
                        || ( ISBLANK ( Table2[Valid To] ) && ISBLANK ( Table2[Valid From] ) )
                )
        ),
        Table2[Value To], DESC
    ),
    "@value", Table2[Distance]
)