I performed some additional testing this morning, all with enhanced compute turned on. Here's what I found:
1. Manually create a table and do date comparisons - works
2. Manually create a table and do date comparisons + add a linked table - works
3. Manually create a table and do date comparisons + add a linked table and join it to the manually created table - works
4. Manually create a table and do date comparisons + add a linked table and join it to the manually created table + add another linked table - works
5. Manually create a table and do date comparisons + add a linked table + add another linked table and join the two linked tables - works
6. Add a linked table, join another linked table to it, do a date comparison on the table - works
7. Add a linked table, join another linked table to it, use the result as the source of a third table (computed table) and do the date filter on the third table - fails
- this is essentially the same as #6 except the date comparison happens in another table
8. Manually create a table use the result as the source of a second table (computed table) and do the date filter on the computed table - fails
From my testing, the failure seems to occur in computed tables and only when using enhanced compute. With enhanced compute turned off, things work as expected.