What are options for data refresh using Power BI Designer?

1. Yes you can refresh data from supported sources..Check this 

http://blogs.msdn.com/b/powerbi/archive/2015/06/22/announcing-refresh-support-for-power-bi-designer-files-in-the-power-bi-service.aspx

 2. If you are connected to supported sources above & can scedule a refresh, try savinf and connect  the pbix file from  OneDrive business or personal , when it fetces the new data it will also refresh your data model with any new measures  and/or visuals from reports..

Tested & posted yesterday: https://medium.com/@Konstantinos_Ioannou/refresh-powerbi-designer-data-model-visuals-815a11ab5eb6