JSON query based on another query

A good general overview is here:

http://radacad.com/custom-functions-made-easy-in-power-bi-desktop

I usually follow the pattern of just changing my M code to indicate it is function and passing in a value.  For example, change your M code for the second query to the following:

let function = (ID as text) =>
    Source = Json.Document(Web.Contents("https://api.provider.com/survey_results?survey_id=" & ID,
        [Headers=[Authorization="Bearer ACCESS_TOKEN", Allow="application/json", #"NGIN-API-VERSION"="0.1"]]))
in
    Source
in
    function

Then, in your original query/table with the list of IDs, go to Add Column > Invoke Custom Function, choose the function you just made as the function query, and change the table drop down from text to column name and select the [ID] column.

This should then run your API call for every line in your table, plugging in the ID field for each row into the function and return the result.  Note, you will have to expand the result column by clicking on the expand icon in header of the column.