Connection between MS Forms <-> sharepoint <-> PowerBI datasets

Yes, you can do things to the form that will break the Power Automate flow that sends the data from Forms to SharePoint. Power BI references the fields in the list by name, so if you rename fields in the list that will also break things. This is the annoyance of dealing with less rigid data structures - it's a thing. You can fix it by going back and updating references in your query steps, but it can happen for sure. The most common thing to go wrong is the refresh will fail.

You can reduce the likliehood of breaking things by not giving broad access to a lot of users to change the form or the list.