Comparing Matrix Values using Icons

Hi Elisa112 ,
Thanks for reaching out to Microsoft Fabric Community Forum.
Based on the above scenario ,

First fetch Previous Score using below DAX query :

PreviousScore = 
VAR CurrentStudent = Sheet1[StudentID]
VAR CurrentStage = 'Sheet1'[AssessmentStage]
RETURN
    CALCULATE(
        MAX('Sheet1'[Score]),
        FILTER(
            'Sheet1',
            'Sheet1'[StudentID] = CurrentStudent &&
            'Sheet1'[AssessmentStage]= CurrentStage - 1
        )
    )

create a new calucalted cloumn for change direction as below :

ScoreTrend = 
VAR Curr = 'Sheet1'[Score]
VAR Prev = 'Sheet1'[PreviousScore]
RETURN
    IF(ISBLANK(Prev), BLANK(),
        SWITCH(TRUE(),
            Curr > Prev, "UP",
            Curr < Prev, "DOWN",
            Curr = Prev, "SAME"
        )
    )

 create a matrix visual and apply conditional formatting  the icon set to display up, down, or same arrows based on the ScoreChange.

Below is the expected output :

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